Puffin Facts Types, Behavior, Habitat

Puffins are cute, stocky birds, known for their black and white plumage and orange feet and bills. Their appearance has earned them numerous nicknames, including sea parrots and clowns of the sea. Puffins are often compared to penguins because of their plumage, waddling walk, and diving ability, but the two birds are not actually related. Fast Facts: Puffin Scientific Name: Fratercula sp.Common Name: PuffinBasic Animal Group: BirdSize: 13-15 inchesWeight: 13 ounces to 1.72 poundsLifespan: 20 yearsDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: North Atlantic Ocean (Atlantic puffin); North Pacific Ocean (tufted puffin, horned puffin)Population: MillionsConservation Status: Atlantic puffin (vulnerable); other species (least concern) Types of Puffins Depending on which expert you ask, there are three or four puffin species. All puffin species are types of auks or alcids. The Atlantic or common puffin (Fratercula arctica) is the only species native to the North Atlantic. The tufted or crested puffin (Fratercula cirrhata) and the horned puffin (Fratercula corniculata) live in the North Pacific. The rhinoceros auklet (Cerorhinca monocerata) is definitely an auk and only sometimes considered to be a type of puffin. Like the tufted and horned puffin, it ranges across the North Pacific. Tufted puffin. Created by MaryAnne Nelson / Getty Images Description Puffin plumage depends on the species, but the birds are generally brownish-black or else black and white, with black caps and white faces. Puffins are stocky, with short tails and wings, orange webbed feet, and large beaks. During the breeding season, the outer portions of the beak are bright reddish orange. After breeding, the birds shed the outer part of their bills, leaving smaller and less-colorful beaks. The Atlantic puffin is about 32 cm (13 in) long, while the the horned puffin and tufted puffin average 38 cm (15 in) long. Male and female birds are visually indistinguishable, except that the male in a pair tends to be slightly larger than his mate. Habitat and Distribution The open sea of the North Atlantic and North Pacific is home to puffins. Most of the time, the birds live out at sea, far from any coast. During the breeding season, they seek islands and coastlines to form breeding colonies. The Atlantic puffin ranges from Iceland, Greenland, and Norway as far south as New York and Morocco. The horned puffin may be found from the coasts of Alaska, British Columbia, and Siberia, wintering along the California and Baja California coast. The tufted puffin and rhinoceros auklet range largely overlaps that of the horned puffin, but these birds also overwinter off the coast of Japan. Diet Puffins are carnivores that feed on fish and zooplankton, preying primarily on herring, sandeel, and capelin. Puffin beaks feature a hinge mechanism that allows them to hold several small fish at a time, making it easier to transport small prey to feed a chick. Puffin (Fratercula arctica) carrying hunted sandeels (Ammodytes), Wales, UK. Mike Turtle / Getty Images Behavior Unlike penguins, puffins can fly. By rapidly beating their short wings (400 beats per minute), a puffin can fly between 77 and 88 km/hr (48 to 55 mph). Like other auks, puffins also fly underwater. Despite their mobility in the air and sea, puffins appear clumsy when walking on land. Puffins are highly vocal at their breeding colonies, but silent when they are out at sea. Reproduction and Offspring In captivity, puffins reach sexual maturity at three years of age. In the wild, breeding usually occurs when the birds are around five years old. Like other auks, puffins are monogamous and tend to form lifelong pairs. Each year, the birds return to the same colonies. They build nests among rocks or burrows in the soil, depending on the colony geography and puffin species. The female lays a single white or lilac-colored egg. Both parents incubate the egg and feed the chick, which is commonly called a puffling. Pufflings lack the well-defined plumage markings and colorful bills of their parents. Chicks fledge at night and head out to sea, where they will remain until they are ready to breed. The average lifespan of a puffin is about 20 years. Young immature puffin outside burrow with adult parent. tirc83 / Getty Images Conservation Status The horned puffin and tufted puffin are classified as being of least concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The IUCN lists the Atlantic puffin as vulnerable because populations are rapidly declining across the species European range. Researchers believe the decline is due to multiple factors, including food shortage caused by overfishing, predation, pollution, and mortality in fishing nets. Gulls are the principle natural predator of puffins, although they are also preyed upon by eagles, hawks, foxes, and (increasingly) domestic cats. Atlantic puffins are hunted for eggs, food, and feathers in the Faroe Islands and Iceland. Sources Barrows, Walter Bradford. Family Alcidae.  Proceedings of the Boston Society for Natural History.  19: 154, 1877.Harrison, Peter (1988). Seabirds. Bromley: Helm, 1988. ISBN 0-7470-1410-8.Lowther, Peter E.; Diamond, A. W; Kress, Stephen W.; Robertson, Gregory J.; Russell, Keith. Poole, A., ed. Atlantic Puffin (. The Birds of North America Online. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 2002.Fratercula arctica)Sibley, David. The North American Bird Guide. Pica Press, 2000. ISBN 978-1-873403-98-3.

The Legalization Of Medical Marijuana - 2985 Words

Introduction In recent years across the United States and in many other nations as well, drug policy and the rationale behind these policies have started to undergo a tremendous shift. This change in public policy is visible to most through the ongoing legislation across America regarding the legalization of medical marijuana in 23 states, and recreational cannabis use becoming legal in 4 states as well (Hanson, 2015). This shift in public policy marks a significant turning point in the view of drugs and drug culture in the United States and reflects increased public knowledge of the less than desirable affects of the â€Å"drug war† mentality. Government spending on drug control in the United States totals $35 billion per year, and almost half a million dealers and users are currently in prisons and jails on drug charges and yet despite this massive investment of tax dollars and government authority, the United States still has the worst drug problem among Western nations (Bo yum Reuter, 2005). The implications of the current failings of U.S. policy with regards to drug related offenses as well as the changes in ideology in recent years with regards to drugs and drug users will likely lead to a shift in how North America as a culture chooses to handle the problems and woes of drug culture. The number of drug offenders under incarceration in America grew tenfold from 1980 to 2005 (Boyum Reuter, 2005). 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Distillation Lab Report Free Essays

Data and Conclusions: The purpose of this experiment was to learn how to use distillation and gas chromatography to separate and identify different compounds from a given mixture. There are several kinds of distillation methods. However, the method that we used in this experiment was fractional distillation. We will write a custom essay sample on Distillation Lab Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now This method is used when trying to separate two different volatile compounds whose boiling points differ by 40-50Â °C or more. If the boiling points are too close, this method will not work because the two compounds will begin evaporating at close temperatures and will condense down to the receiving flasks at relatively the same times. This will not create an ideal separation. The apparatus used for this type of distillation is longer than that of a simple distillation experiment because this kind of apparatus creates more efficient separation. This happens because the fractional distillation apparatus is longer, and allows for several simple distillations to occur within the column itself to more accurately separate liquids. The inside of the column is said to have theoretical plates, or equilibrium stages that are created by the vapor and liquid stages of a compound that create this accuracy. The column must also be insulated with cotton and aluminum to prevent any heat loss that may lead to inaccurate temperature readings or even effect the evaporation of the different compounds. When heating the stillpot, flameless heating should be used along with a magnetic stirbar. This is important to control the temperature of the mixture and keep the heat smooth and constant. Heating the mixture too fast could result in no fractionation in the column and lead to no separation. Likewise, if the mixture is heated too slowly, the vapors might now make it all the way to the condenser, and the liquid will fall back into the stillpot. If the mixture is heated correctly and constantly, the vapors should condense through a condenser and into a receiving flask. This condenser should have water running through it at all times to keep it cool and keep the condensed vapor flowing down into the receiving flask. As a whole, the entire apparatus works perfectly for two different volatile liquids with 40-50Â °C boiling point differences because as the liquid with the lower boiling point is distilled out, the higher boiling point liquid will remain in the stillpot as the other is evaporating and distilled. Then, it will be able to evaporate later as the temperature rises, after the other has more than completely distilled out. As I conducted this portion of the experiment, I noticed that while taking the three fractions, fraction A filled up the full 15 mL and continued distilling through fraction B, and eventually stopped. Because of this, I hypothesized that all of fraction A and most of fraction B consisted of the low boiling point compound. As I raised the temperature of the hotplate, I was able to collect fraction C, and I predicted that it was composed of mostly the high boiling point liquid. To test this, the experiment called for the use of gas chromatography. The chromatography would not only show the relative concentrations of each compound in the fraction, but could also help confirm the identification of the compounds we thought were in the fractions based on the temperatures that each liquid boiled. Before trying to guess the correct compounds of the mixture, one must run each individual fraction through the machine to clearly see the composition of each. Gas chromatography works because as the liquid runs through the machine, its different components run through and exit at different times due to changes of temperatures that measure high and low boiling points. The machine records these using peaks of retention time that identify these different components. After obtaining this data, there was enough information to choose a reasonable match for each of the components. Once both the fractions and the guessed compound were mixed, the retention recordings should not differ in the number of peaks because ideally the compound mixed should have the same retention time as one of the other previous peaks. If the compounds were to differ in the number of peaks, then it shows that another compound must be present with different properties. As I conducted this portion of the experiment, I guessed cyclohexane for my low boiling point liquid and toluene or heptane for my high boiling point liquid based on the fractional distillation observations. For cyclohexane I mixed it with fraction A, since it predominantly consisted of my low boiling point liquid, and observed two peaks in my results. Therefore I concluded that cyclohexane was the low boiling point liquid. However, for the second liquid I guessed heptane first, and my results showed three peaks. Knowing that I had guessed wrong, I tested toluene mixed with my fraction C and only got two peaks. The high boiling point liquid proved to be toluene. In conclusion, my results all matched the main ideas and theories presented in the experiment. From my results I was able to figure out the composition of each of the compounds in the initial mixture and compare them to those of the rest of the class. My results only varied by 3. 18%. When using the two different methods of calculating the composition, the second method using the chromatography peaks was more accurate, and compared to the first method of assuming the ideal compositions, the results differed from the class average by over 10%. Based on the consistency of our class results using the second method, the two compounds proved to have been distilled using the proper method, and is reinforced by the use of gas chromatography. How to cite Distillation Lab Report, Essay examples

Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Social Networks in Business for

Question: Write about theAdvantages and Disadvantages of Using Social Networks in Business for Consumers. Answer: Introduction After the digital revolution the world has experienced great change in every sector of business. Todays business world is highly technology driven. The retailers are utilizing the social networking sites as an effective platform for marketing campaign to reach maximum number of consumers. The organizations social media integration has hugely impact the consumer behavior. This report explores various literatures that dealt with the effect of special media has on business and tries to identify the advantages and disadvantages of the strategy. Project objective The project objective is to identify and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of social networks in business. Project scope The analysis of social media marketings benefits will identify the various techniques that the organizations use to achieve these benefits. The investigation of disadvantages will help to identify the problem areas and encourage finding out possible solutions. The future of social media marketing as part of the global marketing will be explored as well. Literature Review According to Asaad and Anas (2014) the organizations follow five dimensions of social media marketing like building up the online communities, interaction between the organizations and consumers, the sharing of necessary contents, consumers accessibility of the products and earning the credibility. Social networks have significant contribution in reaching the consumer fast which influences their decision making. Through the social networks the organization establishes a community which is their product, service and business oriented. The organizations that have successfully created a vibrant online customer base loyal communities that are engaged in discussions which help the organizational business to improve and develop (Taprial and Kanwar 2012). Popular social networking sites like Facebook or twitter notifies its followers whenever some activities are happening from the organizations side. If the organizations daily and frequently update their activities related to product advert isements or promotions, the customers get immediately updated (Berselli, Burger, and Close 2012). According to Fisher and Reuber (2011) the consumer community interacts with the company directly and simultaneously which results in greater communication. Through the interaction the company shares its service related information and keeps their broadcasting up to date. In the social network setting the company shares their product information and other services to its consumers (Babac 2011). Social networks have specially proved to be beneficial for the companies as the social media is easily accessible for the consumers and for the company as well and it is extremely cheap. The company does not need any experts for maintaining the social media interaction with their customers as this does not require any specific knowledge or special skills (Taprial and Kanwar 2012). The company earns the the customer loyalty thrugh socal networks in a more easy and effective way. The organizations share their messages with the customers easily and by directly communicating them it successfully es tablishes an emotional connection with the customers and motivate them for purchasing their products more. Taprial and Kahwar (2012) claims that social media has become a great platform for expanding their business and increasing the profit by establishing the trust of their target customer base. According Shabnam et al. (2013) the emergence of social networking emphasized the organizations chances to build personal and intimate relationship with their target audience. They conducted a research among young consumers to their reaction towards the business service of various companies. The applied Klout score to determine the result. They measured brand association, loyalty, brand image, consciousness as independent variables and effectiveness of social media as dependent variable. The detail interview they conducted highlighted the organizations view on using social media and how they assert various techniques for their brand building on the social media platform. The research by Jati and Mohanty (2012) reflected in the research by Bhagwat and Gautam (2013). Both of their studies highlighted the need of social media for effective business by the organizations. They also demonstrated how the social media platforms are being used by various companies to connect to their consumers. Jati and Mohanty concluded that social network is extremely needed by the companies for doing a successful business in the digital era. They investigated the origin and growth of social network in the business sector. The social networking proves to be extremely successful in building the rand for the company. They recommended few strategies for the companies to compete in the global market. Bhagwat and Gautams detail market analysis highlighted that Facebook is the most used social network platform. Their empirical study and found data showed the use of social network platforms are growing every day and the opportunities offered by the networks are being utilized by both the organizations and the consumers. A platform like Facebook is also being used by various companies for business purposes. The exploratory research by Ramnarain and Govender explored the consumer behavior in connection with the social network. They conducted a survey among 150 young students of an African University with a well designed survey questionnaire. The survey result demonstrated that the young consumers purchasing behavior changes depending upon their gender, web browsing and life style. The improved product, important communication channel, and brand choice are the main factors in relationship with the social media networks that influenced the purchasing behavior of the youth. However in the context of South Africa, the organizations need to evaluate their communication and marketing strategies to guide the young consumers; purchasing behavior towards them. The relationship between customer relationship and brand equity has been explored by the research by Kumar and Singh (2013). They have focused on certain strategies that few companies apply in a specific time to attract a particular segment of consumer. The paper supported the previous proposals of other researchers, that social network strengthens the relationship between the customer and the company and frequently the use social network as brand building tool. The companys successful campaign among the customers also extended to its stakeholders. Kumar and Singh (2013) particularly examined the Live the moment social media campaign for the Ritz car by Maruti Suzuki. Valeecha and Reza (2013) investigated how telecom industries in Pakistan are using social networking to let the consumers identify the factors which need to be improved by the telecom companies in order to generate more profit. They engaged 5 telecom companies, 8 media agencies, specialized in social networking and 108 social media users for collecting empirical data for evaluating the case. The survey result explored all of the three perspectives which reflected in a similar result. The consumers expect the companies to be actively present on social media. The telecom organizations also apply social media integration by interacting with their customers directly and whenever they need. Bajpey et al. (2012) explored the social media networks viral strategy that helps the small enterprises to grow rapidly. Various social media marketing are also powerful in deciding the consumers effective purchasing. The compared the traditional marketing strategies with the social media marketing by various companies and concluded how the social media possesses more potential to change consumer purchase behavior. Pandey and Bajpai (2012) in another research examine viral marketing adaptability by various organizations as an effective business tool. They also focused on the most powerful social network Facebook. They examined how various marketers are using Facebook strategically and achieving success. They have also highlighted the offers by Facebook for the marketers to increase their profit. However they concluded that the marketers have to go a long as their utilizing of the social network is still at its primary stage. According to Castronovo and Huang (2012) social network is an effective alternative marketing model for business communication. They mainly focused on the relationship between word of mouth publicity and social network as part of their market communication integration. After analyzing Castronovo and Huang suggested a different conceptual model based on alternative marketing strategies particularly for the industrial practitioners to increase their product sales, enhance customer awareness and finally customer efficiency. The empirical study conducted by Bashar et al. (2012) highlights the social media marketings effectiveness as a marketing tool. The non probability sampling method and the online survey in Indias capital city involving many social networkers help them to come up with an accurate result. The result suggests that if the social network successfully offers timely and precise information to its customers, then only it be effective. Basically the gap between the expectation and satisfaction of the customers should be bridged. The authors suggested that the company should implement a business based on social relationship rather than transactional relationship. In their study Ranjhita and Sinnor (2012) explored the relationship between social network usage pattern and peoples preference. They selected 360 samples focusing on profession and 120 samples based on age to determine the customers usage of Facebook for social communication. They have designed and applied a research method named communication tracking. Their result highlighted that Facebook is the easiest and cheapest platform for the companies to promote their brand and products. The companies can increase their market share through their potential platform by offering the customers in depth description of their products and directly interfering with the customers. Through the eay communication via Facebook the company gets to know about the customers needs and desires and they can apply strategies accordingly. Barefoot Szabo (2010) describes that the transparency of the social network marketing makes the company information to everyone (Ismail 2017). The company has to be really careful and consistent before implementing the social media marketing. The social network between the consumers and the companies takes commitment. Most companies focus on building long term relationship through social network marketing. Therefore the management team of the company has to monitor the activities carefully, respond to the customer queries responsibly and post the information without any mistakes. If the company fails to manage social network marketing such a way it will lose its competitive advantages. The company cannot merely be present on various social media platforms and expect that it will bring huge profit, is just fanciful. In a way mishandling and ill handling of the social media networking may cause harm for the companys reputation and profitability. Steinman and Hawkins (2010) have highlighted another significant disadvantage of the social network marketing for the companies. When dealing with social networking the companies have to protect their copyrights and trademarks. The intellectual properties of the company are equally valuable for them as the products. The communication over social network is easy and transparent. It often becomes informal and real time service. There is always a chance that some third party of hackers might attack the system and abuse the companys intellectual properties. Their copyrights or trademarks should be regularly monitored by the management to ensure that no one else is misusing their properties. They can use such systems like screening services or internet tracking in the monitoring process. If the company fails to check the IPR breaching can damage the reputation and brand severely. The company must design and implement own regulations in various social network outlets. The effective policie s will protect the company from disclosing their data or information. Failing to collect, store and use data responsibly will affect the company privacy of service and data security. The trust is also related to the service security. The brand trust should be built as the consumers can not have tactile experience what they get in traditional practices. Conclusion Internet has a great effect on peoples lives, the consumers behavior has transformed because of the social networks. Social media marketing is an effective tool that should be used for marketing, advertise and promoting their products and services by every company. Today an active consumers does not just purchase a product passively he contribute actively by contributing in the brand and reputation building and eventually companys decision making. Apart from the advantages there some advantages which the companies must consider so that those do not affect their productivity, profitability and customer efficiency. Reference As' ad, H.A.R. and Alhadid, A.Y., 2014. The Impact of Social Media Marketing on Brand Equity: An Empirical Study on Mobile Service Providers in Jordan.Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research,3(1), p.315. Babac, R., 2011. Impact of Social-Media Use on Brand Equity of Magazine Brands: A Qualitative Study of Vogue Turkey. Bajpai, V. and Pandey, S., 2012. Viral Marketing Through Social Networking Sites With Special Reference Of Facebook.International Journal of Marketing, Financial Services Management Research,1(7), pp.194-207. Bajpai, V., Pandey, S. and Shriwas, S., 2012. Social media marketing: Strategies its impact.International Journal of Social Science Interdisciplinary Research,1(7), pp.214-223. Bashar, A., Ahmad, I. and Wasiq, M., 2012. Effectiveness of social media as a marketing tool: An empirical study.International Journal of Marketing, Financial Services Management Research,1(11), pp.88-99. Berselli, S., Burger, S. and Close, J., 2012. Crisis mapping community social media information during and after large-scale disasters in Victoria.Unpublished bachelor thesis, Worchester Polytechnic Institute, Worchester, USA. Bhagwat, S. and Goutam, A., 2013. Development of social networking sites and their role in business with special reference to Facebook.Journal of Business and Management,6(5), pp.15-28. Castronovo, C. and Huang, L., 2012. Social media in an alternative marketing communication model.Journal of Marketing Development and Competitiveness,6(1), p.117. Fischer, E. and Reuber, A.R., 2011. Social interaction via new social media:(How) can interactions on Twitter affect effectual thinking and behavior?.Journal of business venturing,26(1), pp.1-18. Ismail, A.R., 2017. The influence of perceived social media marketing activities on brand loyalty: The mediation effect of brand and value consciousness.Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics,29(1), pp.129-144. Kumar, R.S. and Singh, A.S., 2013. Social media as an effective tool of marketing communication: A case study of Maruti Suzuki.Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing Management Review, ISSN, pp.2319-2836. Nityananda, J. and Mohanty, A.N., Strategic Entrepreneurship: Key to Success For Competitiveness Globalization. Ramnarain, Y. and Govender, K.K., 2013. The relationship among certain youths' demographic variables and their social media browsing behaviour.African Journal of Business Management,7(25), p.2495. Ranjitha, G. P. and Sinnor, Ganapati B. 2012. Influence of Social Media Websites on Shabnam, S., Choudhury, A. and Alam, M.I., 2013. An Emerging Method of Communication: Social Media Marketing and Its Social and Managerial Implications.World Review of Business Research,3(1), pp.1-25. Steinman, M.L. and Hawkins, M., 2010. When marketing through social media, legal risks can go viral.Intellectual Property Technology Law Journal,22(8), p.1. Taprial, V. and Kanwar, P., 2012.Understanding social media. Bookboon. Valeecha, S. and Reza, A., 2013. Critical Success Factors for Incorporating Social Media Marketing in IMCReference to Telecom Companies.World Review of Business Research,3(3), pp.115-129.